\ S-. ^^"1 / THE ANIMAL KINGDOM ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION, BY THE BARON CUVIER, PERPETUAL SECRETARY TO THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. ETC. THE CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES AND INSECTA, BY P. A. LATREILLE, V MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. ETC. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH, WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS, BY H. M'MURTRIE, M.D. &c. &c. IN POUR VOLUMES, WITH PLATES. VOLUME II. -as*^' ^ V: NEW YORK : G. & C. & H. CARVILL MDCCCXXXI. Entered according to the act of congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, by G. & C. & H. Carvill, in the clerk's office ot the southern district of New York, I Philadelphia : Printed by James Kay, Jun & Co. Printers to the American Philosophical Society, No. 4, Minor Street. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. REPTILIA 1 CHELONIA 4 Testudo 6 Testiulo proper 6 Emys 7 Cistuda 8 Chclonura 9 Chelonia 9 Sphargis 10 Chelys 11 Trionyx 11 SAURIA 12 CROCODILIDA 13 Crocodilus 13 Gavial 14 Crocodilus proper 15 Alligator 16 LACERTINIDA 18 Monitor 18 Monitor proper 18 Crocodilurus 20 Sauvegardes 20 Ameiva 21 Lacerta 22 Algyra 23 Tachydromus 23 IGUANIDA 23 Agamida 23 Stellio 24 Cordylus 24 Stellio proper 25 Doryphorus 25 Uromastix 25 A gam a 26 Agama proper 26 Tapayes 27 Trapelas 28 Leiolepis 28 Tropidolepis 28 Leposoma 28 Calotes 28 Lophyriis 29 Gonocephalus 30 Lyriocephalus 30 Brachylophus 30 Vol. II (2) Physignathus Istiurus Draco Sitana Pterodactylus Iguanida proper Iguana Ophryessa Basiliscus Polychrus Echphimotus Oplurus Anolius GECKOTIDA Gecko Platydactykis Hemidactylus Thecadactylus Ptyodactylus Sphxriodactylus Stcnodactylus Gymnodactylus Phyllurus CHAMiELEONIDA Chamaeleo SCINCOIDEA Scincus Tiliqua Seps Bipes Chalcidcs Chirotes OPHIDIA AlfCUINA Anguis Pseudopus Ophisaurus Anguis proper Acontias Serpentia Amphisbsense Amphisbaena 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 34 35 35 35 35 36 58 38 39 41 41 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 46 46 47 48 49 50 50 52 52 52 52 53 S2, 54, 54, 55 55 290] 2 VI SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Leposternon 55 Typhlops 56 Serpentes proper 56 Non-venomous 57 Tortrix 57 Uropeltis 58 Boa 58 S Cytale 60 Erix 60 Erpeton 60 Coluber 61 Python 61 Cerberus 61 Xenopeltis 62 Heterodon 62 Hurria 62 Dipsas 62 Deiulrophis 63 Dryinus 63 Dryophis 63 Oligodon 63 Coluber proper 63 Acrochordus 65 Venomous, with simple fangs 65 Crotalus 66 Trigonocephalus 67 Vipera 68 Naia 70 Elaps 71 Micrurus n Platurus 71 Trimeresurus 72 Oplocephalus 72 Acanthophis 72 Echis 72 Langaha 72 Venomous, with fangs 8c other teeth 72 Bungarus 73 Hydrus 73 Hydrophis 73 Pelamis 7i Chersydrus 74 NUDA 74 Csecilia 74 BATRACHIA 76 Ran a 77 Rana proper 78 Ceratophris 80 Dactylethra 80 Hyla 80 Bufo 81 Bombinator ' 83 Bhinellus 84 Otilophis 84 Breviceps 84 Pipa 84 Salamandra 85 Salamandra proper 85 Triton Menopoma Amphiuma Axolotus Menobranchus Proteus Siren PISCES ACANTHOPTERYGII PERCOIDES With thoracic ventrals. Seven branchial rays, two dorsals. Perca Labrax Lates Centropomus Grammistes Aspro Huro Etelis Niphon Enoplosus Diploprion Apogon Cheilodipterus Pomatomu3 Ambassis Lucio-Perca With a single dorsal, two canine tee'th. Serranus Serranus proper Anthias Merra Plectropoma Diacope Mesoprion With a single dorsal, teeth small and crowded. Acerina Rypticus Polyprion Centropristis Gristes With less than seven branchial branches. A single dorsal, two canine teeth. Cirrhites A single dorsal, teeth small and crowded. Chironemus Pomotis 86 88 88 89 89 89 90 91 96 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 102 102 102 103 103 105 105 105 106 106 106 107 107 107 108 108 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Vll Centrarchus Priacanthus Dules Therapon Datnia Pelates Heloles With two dorsals. 'J'richodon Sillago With more than seven branchial rays. Holocetitrum Myripristis Beryx Trachicthys With jugular ventrals. Trachinus Percis Pinguipes Percophis Uranoscopus With abdominal ventrals. Polynemus Sphyrsena Paralepis MuUus Mullus proper Upeneus BUCCiE LORICATE Trigla Trigla proper Prionotus Peristedion Dactylopterus Cephalacanthus Cottus Cottus proper Aspidophorus Hemitripterus Hemilepidotus Platycephalus Scorpsena Scorpsna proper T8enianotes Sebastes Pterois Blepsias Apistus Agriopus Pelor Synanceia Monocentris Gasterosteus Oreosoma 108 SCIENOIDES 126 108 With two dorsals. 108 Scisena 126 109 Scisena proper 126 109 Otolithus 127 Anc}lodon 127 109 Corvina 127 109 Johnius 127 Umbrina 128 109 Pogonias 128 110 Eques 129 With one dorsal, seven bran- chial rays. 110 Haemulon 129 111 Pristipoma 129 111 Diagramma 130 111 Less than seven branchial ray s, and the lateral line 111 continuous. 112 Lobotes 130 112 Cheilodactylus 130 113 Scolopsides 131 113 Micropterus 131 Less than seven branchial 113 rays, and the lateral line 114 interrupted. 115 Amphiprion 131 115 Premnas 132 115 Pomacentrus 1S2 115 llfi Dascyllus 132 116 Glyphisodon 132 117 Heliasus 132 118 SPAROIDES 133 118 Sparus 133 118 Sargus 133 119 Chrysophris 134 119 Pagrus 134 119 120 120 121 Pagelus 135 Dentex 135 Pentapoda 136 1 'W 1 Lethrinus 136 121 121 122 122 Boops 136 Oblada 136 MiENIDES 137 122 Msena 137 122 Smaris 138 122 Caesio 138 123 Gerres 138 123 SQUAMIPENNES 138 124 Chsetodon 139 1 ^ ^ 124 Chsetodon proper 139 Chelmon 140 124 Heniochus 140 125 Ephippu3 140 125 Taurichtes 141 Vlll SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Holacanthus Pomacanthus Platax Psettus Pimelepterus Dipterodon Brama PeiTtipheris Toxotes SCOMBEUOIDES Scomber Scomber proper Thynnus Orcynus Auxis Sarda Cybiura Thyrsites Gempylus Xiphias Xiphias proper Tetrapturus Makaira Istiophorus Centronotus Naucrates Elacates Lichia Trachinotus Rhynchobdella Macrognathus Mastacembelus Notacanthus Seriola No mens Temnodon Caranx Carangue Citula Vomer Olistus Scyris Blepharis Gallus Argyreiosus Vomer proper Zeus Zeus proper Capros Lampris Equula Mene Stromateus Pamples Peprilus Luvarus Seserinus Kurtus 141 141 142 142 142 143 143 143 144 144 144 145 145 146 146 146 147 147 147 147 148 148 148 149 149 149 149 150 150 150 151 151 151 151 152 152 152 153 154 154 154 154 154 154 155 155 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 157 157 157 158 158 Coryplisena 158 Coryphrena proper 159 Caranxomorus 159 Centrolophus 159 Astrodermus 159 Pteraclis 160 TiENIOIDES 160 The snout elongated, teeth strong. Lepidopus Trichiurus The snout short, mouth small. Gymnetrus Stylephorus The snout short, mouth cleft, head obtuse. Cepola Lophotes THEUTYES Siganus Acanthurus Prionurus Naseus Axinurus Priodon LABYIIINTHIFORM PHA IIYNGEALS Anabas Polyacanthus Macropodius Helostoraa Osphromenus Trichopodus Spirobranchus Ophicephalus MUGILOIDES Mugil Tetragonurus Atherina GOIUOIDES Blennius Blennius proper Pholis Myxodes Salaris Clinus Cirrhibarba ^ Murdxnoides Opistognathus Zoarcus Anarrhichas Gobius Gobius proper Gobioidcs Txnioides 160 161 161 163 163 163 164 164 165 165 165 166 166 166 166 167 167 167 168 168 168 169 169 170 171 172 173 173 174 174 175 175 175 176 176 176 176 177 177 178 179 179 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. IX Pcrioplhalmus 180 Eleotris 180 Callionymus 181 Trichonotus 182 Comephorus 182 Platypterus 182- Chirus 183 PECTORALES PEDICU- LATI 183 Lophius 183 Lophius proper 184 Chironectes 184 Malthe 185 Batrachus 185 LABROIDES 186 Labrus 187 Labrus proper 187 Cheilinus 188 Lachnolaimus 188 Julis 189 Anampses 190 Crenilabrus 190 Coricus 191 Epibulus 191 Clepticus 191 Gomphosus 192 Xirichthys 192 Chromis 193 Cychla 193 Plesiops 194 Malacanthus 194 Scarus 194 Calliodon 195 Odax 195 FISTULARID^ 195 Fistularia 196 Fistvilaria proper 196 Aulostomus 196 Centriscus 197 Centriscus proper 197 Amphisile 197 MALACOPTERYGir AB- DOMINALES 198 CYPRINIDiE 198 Cyprinus 198 Cyprinus proper 199 Barbus 200 Gobio 201 Tinea 201 Cirrhinus 201 Abramis 201 Labeo 202 Catostomus 202 Leuciscus 202 Chela 203 Gonorhynchus 203 Cobitis 204 Anablcps 205 Psecilia 205 Lebias 206 Fundulus 206 Molinesia 206 Cyprinidou 206 ESOCES 206 Esox 207 Esox proper 207 Galaxias 207 Alepocephalus 208 Microstoma 208 Slomias 208 Chaiiliodus 208 Salanx 209 Belone 209 Scomberesox 209 Hemiramphus 210 Exocetus 210 Mormyrus 212 SILURIDjE 213 Silurus 213 Silurus proper 214 Schilbe 214 Mystus 215 Pimelodus 215 Bagrus 215 Pimelodus proper 216 Synodontis 217 Ageniosus 217 Doras 217 Heterobranchus 218 Macropteronotes 218 Plotosus 219 Callichthys 219 Malapterurus 219 Platystacus 220 Loricaria 221 Hypostomus ' 221 Loricaria proper 221 SALMONLDES 222 Salmo 222 Salmo proper 222 Osmerus 224 Mallotus 225 Thymallus 225 Coregonus 225 Argentina 226 Characinus 227 Curimata 227 Anostomus 228 Gasteropelecus 228 Piabucus 228 Serrasalmus 228 Tetragonopterus 228 Chalceus 229 Myletes 229 Hydrocyon 229 Citharlnus 230 Saurus 231 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Scopelus 232 Aulopus 232 Sternoplyx 233 CLUPE^ 233 Clupea 233 Clupea proper 234 Alosa 235 Chatoessus 236 Odontognathus 236 Pristigaster 237 Notopterus 237 Engraulis 237 Tliryssa 238 Megalops 238 Elops 238 Bulirinus 239 Chirocentrus 239 Hyodon 240 Erythrinus 240 Amia 241 Sudis 241 Osteoglossum 241 Lepisosteus 242 Polypterus 242 MALACOPTERYGII SUB RACHIATI 243 GADITES 243 Gadus 243 Morrhua 244 Merlangus 245 Merluccius 245 Lota 245 Motella 246 Brosmius 246 Brotula 246 Phycis 247 Raniceps 247 Macrourus 247 PLANI 248 Pleuronectes 248 Platessa 249 Hippoglossus 250 Rhombus 250 Solea 252 Monochirus 252 ' Achirus 253 Plagusia 253 DISCOBOLI 253 Lepadogaster 253 Lepadogaster pro- per 253 Gobiesox 254 Cyclopterus 254 Lumpus 254 Liparis 255 Echeneis 255 MALACOPTERYGII APODES 256 ANGUILLIFORMES 256 Mursena 256 Anguilla 257 Anguilla pro- per 257 Conger "257 Opliisurus 258 Mursena proper 259 Spagebranchus 260 Monopterus 260 Synbranchus 260 Alabes 261 Saccopharynx 261 Gymnotus 261 Gymnotus proper 262 Carapus 263 Sternarchus 263 Gymnarchus 263 Leptocephalus 264 Ophidium 264 Ophidium proper 264 Fierasfer 265 Ammodyles 265 LOPHOBRANCHII 266 Syngnathus 266 Syngnathus proper 267 Hippocampus 267 Solenostomus 268 Pegasus 268 PLECTOGNATHI 268 GYMNODONTES 269 Diodon 270 Tetraodon 271 Cephalus 272 Triodon 273 SCLERODERMI 273 Balistes 273 Balistes proper 274 Monocanthus 275 Aluteres 275 Triacanthus 276 Ostracion 276 CHONDROPTERYGII 277 With free branchiae. STURIONES 278 Acipenser 278 Spatularia 280 Chimsera 280 Chimsera proper 281 Callorhynchus 281 With fixed branchiae. SELACHU 282 Squalus 283 Scyllium 283 Squalus proper 284 Carcharias 285 Lamna 286 Galeus 286 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XI Mustelus 286 Helicostega 317 Notidanus 287 Helicostega Selache 287 nautiloidea 317 Cestracion 287 Helicostega Spinax 288 ammonoida 318 Centrina 288 Helicostega Scymnus 288 turbinoida 318 Zygsena 289 Stycostega 318 Squatina 290 Enallostega 318 X Pristis 290 Agathistega 319 Raia Entomostega 319 290 PTEROPODA 320 Rhinobatus Rhina 291 291 Clio 320 Torpedo 292 Cymbulia 321 Raia proper 292 Pneumodermon 321 Tryg-on 294 Limacina 321 Anacanthus 294 Hyalea 322 Myliobatis Rhinoptera Cephaloptera sucTomi 295 295 295 296 Cleodora Cleodora proper Creseis 322 322 322 Petromyzon Myxine 297 Cuvieria Psyche 323 323 298 Eurybia 323 Heptatremus 298 Pyrgo GASTEROPODA 323 Gastrobranchus 299 324 PULMONEA 328 [OLLUSCA 303 PUIMONEA TeRRESTKIA 329 CEPHALOPODA 306 Limax Limax proper 329 329 Sepia 308 Arion 329 Octopus 309 Lima 330 Polypus of Vaginulus 330 Arist. 309 Testacella 331 Eledon of Parmacella 331 Arist. 309 Helix 331 Argonauta Bellerophon 309 310 Helix proper Vitrina 331 332 Loligo 310 Bulimus 333 Loligopsis 311 Hulimus pro- Loligo proper 311 per Pupa Chondrus Onychotheuthis 311 353 Sepiola 311 334 Chondrosepia 311 Succinea 334 Sepia proper 312 Clausilia 334 Nautilus Spirula Nautilus proper Lituus 312 312 313 314 Achatina PuLMONEA AatJATICA Onchidium 335 335 336 Belemnites 314 Planorbis 336 Actinocamax 315 Limnaeus 337 Ammonites 315 Physa 337 Ammonites proper 315 Scarabaeus 338 Planites 315 Auricula 338 Ceratites 315 Conovulus 338 Orbulites 315 NUDIBRANCHIATA 339 Scaphltes 316 Doris 339 Baculites Hamites 316 316 Onchidora 340 Turrilites 316 Plocamoceros 340 Camerines 316 Polycera 340 Siderolithes 317 Tritonia 340 XI 1 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Thcthys 341 Scyllsa 341 Glaucus 342 Laniogerus 342 Eolidia 342 Cavolina 342 Flabellina 343 Tergipes 343 Busiris 343 Placobranchus 343 INFEUOJJRANCHIATA 343 Phyllidia 344 Diphyllidia 344 TECTIBRANCHIATA 344 Pleurobranchus 345 Pleurobranchsea 345 Aplysia 346 Dolabella 347 Notarchus 347 Bursatella 347 Akera 348 Bull sea 348 Bulla 348 Akera proper 349 Gastroptei'on 349 Gastroplax 350 HETEROPODA 351 Pterotrachea 352 Carinaria 352 Atlanta 352 Firola 352 Timorienna Monophoi-a 03j Phylliroe <^ n o5o PECTINIBRANCIIIATA 354 Tkochoida 355 Trochus 355 Tectarlum 356 Calcar 356 Rotella 356 Cantharis 356 Infundibulum 356 Telescopium 356 Trochus 357 Solarium 357 Evomphalus 357 Turbo 357 Turbo proper 357 Delphinula 358 Pleurotoma 358 Turritella 358 Seal aria 359 Cyclostoma 359 Valvata 360 Paludina 360 Littorina 361 Monodon 361 Phasianella 362 Ampullaria 362 Lanista 362 Helicina 363 AmpuUina 363 Olygira 363 Melania 363 Rissoa 363 Melanopsis 363 Pirena 364 Actseon 364 Pyramidella 364 Janthina 364 Nerita 365 Natica 365 Nerida proper 365 Velata 365 Neritina 365 Clithon 366 Capttloida 366 Capulus 366 Hipponyx 366 Crepidula 367 Pileolus 367 Septaria 367 Calyptrsea 368 Siphonaria 368 Sigaretus 368 Coriocella 369 Cryptostoma 369 BUCCINOIDA 369 Conus 370 Cypraea 370 Ovula 371 Ovula proper 371 Volva 371 Tercbcllum 371 Voluta 372 Oliva 372 Volvaria 372 Voluta proper 373 Cymbium o7j Voluta Margin ell a 373 Colombella 373 Mitra 374 Cancellaria 374 Buccinum 374 Buccinum proper 374 Nassa 375 E burn a 375 Anclllaria 375 Dolium 375 Dolium proper 376 Perdix 376 Harp a 376 Purpura 376 Monoceros 376 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xlll Kiciiiula Concholepas Cassis Morio Terebra Cei-ithium Potamida Murex Murex Murex propel" Bronlis Typhis Chichoracea Aquilla Lotorium Trltonium Trophona * Ranella Apolles Fusus Fusus proper Lathira Struthiolaria Pleiirotoma Clavatula Pyriila Fulgur Fasciolaria Tui'binella Strombus Strombus proper Pterocera Rostellaria Hippocrenes TUBULIBRANCHIATA Vermetus Magilus Siliquaria SCUTIBR ANC HIATA Halyotis Halyotis proper Padolla Stomatia Fissurella Emarginula Parmophorus CYCLOBRANCHIATA Patella Chiton ACEPHALA TESTACEA OSTHACEA Acarda Radiolites Sphserulites Calceola Hippurites Batolithes Ostrea Ostrea proper Vol. II. (3) 377 377 377 377 378 378 378 379 379 379 379 379 379 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 382 382 382 382 382 383 384 384 385 385 385 386 386 386 387 387 387 388 388 390 391 392 393 393 393 393 393 393 394 394 Gryphsea Pecten Lima Pedum Hinnita Plagiostoma Pachytes Dianchora Podopsis Anomia Placuna Spondylus Plicatula Malleus Vulsella Perna Crenatula Gervilia Inoceramus Catillus Pulvinites Etheria Avicula Pintadina Avicula proper Pinna Area Area proper CucuUaea Pectunculus Nucula Trigonia Mytilacea Mytilus Mytilus proper Modiolus Lithodomus Anodonta Iridina Dipsas Unio Hyi'ia Castalia Cardita Cypricardia Coralliophaga Venericardia Crassatella Chamacea Chama Tridacpa Tridacna pro- per 410 Hippopus 410 Chama proper 410 Diceras 411 Isocardia 41 1 Cardiacea 421 395 395 395 396 396 397 397 397 397 397 398 398 399 399 399 399 400 400 400 400 401 401 401 401 401 402 402 403 403 403 404 404 404 405 405 405 406 406 407 407 407 407 408 408 408 408 408 409 409 409 409 XIV SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Cardium 412 Hemicardium 412 Don ax 412 Cyclas 413 Cyrena 413 Cyprina 413 Galathsea 414 Corbis 414 Tellina 414 Loripes 415 Lucina 415 Venus 416 Venus proper 416 Astarte 416 Cytherea 417 Capsa 417 Petricola 417 Corbula 418 Mactra 418 Mactra proper 418 LavigTion 418 IsrCLTJSA 419 Mya 419 Lutraria 419 Mya proper 420 Anatina 420 Solemya 420 Glycymeris 420 Panopea 421 Pandora 421 Byssomia 421 Hiateila 421 Solen 422 Solen proper 422 Sanguinolaria 422 Psammobia 422 Psammothea 423 Pholas 423 Teredo 423 Fistulana 424 Gastrochsena 424 Teredina 425 Clavagella 425 Aspergillum 425 ACEPHALA NUDA 426 Serkegata 426 Biphora 426 Thalia 428 Biphora proper 428 Ascidia 428 Aggregata 429 Botryllus 430 Pyrosoma 430 Polyclinum 431 BRACHIOPODA 432 Lingula 432 Terebratula 433 Spirlfer 433 Thecidea 434 Orbicula 434 Discina 434 Crania 434 CIRRHOPODA 435 Anatifa 436 Pollicipes 437 Cineras 437 Otion 437 Tetralasmis 437 Balanus 437 Balanus proper 438 Acasta 438 Conia 438 Asema 438 Pyrgoma , 438 Octhosia 438 Creusia 438 Coronula 439 Tublcinella 439 Diadema 439 ARTICULATA 442 ANNULATA 446 TUBICOLA 448 Serpula 448 Spirorbis 449 Sabella 450 Terebella 451 Amphilrite 452 Syphostoma 453 Dcntalium 453 DORSIBRANCHIATA 454 Arenicola 454 Amphinome 455 Chloeia 455 Pleione 455 Euphrosine 455 Hipponoe 455 Eunice 456 Lysidice 456 Aglaura 456 "Nereis 457 Phyllodoce 457 Alciopa 458 Spio 458 Syllis 458 Glycei-a 458 Nephthys 459 Lumbrinera 459 Aricia 459 Hesione 459 Ophelina 460 Cirrhatulus 460 Palmyra 460 Aphrodita 460 Halithea 461 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XV Polynoe 461 Sigalion Acoetes 462 462 Chaetopterus ARRANCHIATA 462 463 Abranciiiata Setibeha 463 Lumbricus 463 Liimbricus proper Enterion 463 464 Hypogseon Ti'ophonia 464 464 Nais 465 Clymena 465 Abhanchiata Abetiof.ra 466 Hirudo 466 Sanguisiiga Ha;mopis Bdella 467 467 467 Nephelis Trochetia 467 468 Aulastoma 468 Branchiobdella 468 Hsemocharis 468 Albiona 469 Branchellion 469 Clespine Phylline Malacobdella 469 469 469 Gordius 47Q FIRST GREAT DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. CLASS IIL REPTILIA. The disposition of the heart in Reptiles is such, that at each contraction^, a portion only of the blood it has received from the different parts of the body is transmitted to the lungs, the remainder returning to those parts without having passed through the pulmonary organs, and without having respired. The result of this is, that the action of oxygen upon the blood is less than in the Mammalia, and that if the quantity of respiration in the latter, in which all the blood is compelled to pass through the lungs before it returns to the rest of the body, be expressed by a unit, that of Reptiles will be ex- pressed by a fraction of a unit, so much the smaller, as the quantity of blood transmitted to the heart at each contraction is less. As it is from respiration that the blood derives its heat, and the fibre its susceptibility of nervous irritation, the blood of reptiles is cold, and the muscular energy less than that of Quadrupeds, and much less than that of Birds ; thus we find their movements usually confined to crawling and swimming ; for, though at certain times several of them jump and run with considerable activity, their habits are generally lazy, their digestion excessively slow, and their sensations obtuse. ' Vol. II. a 2 REPTILIA. In cold or temperate climates almost all of them pass the win- ter in a state of torpor. Their brain, which is proportionally very small, is not so essentially requisite to the exercise of their animal and vital facultiesj as to the members of the two first classes ; their sensations seem to be less referred to a common centre, for they continue to live and to exhibit volun- tary motions, long after losing their brain, and even after the loss of their head. A communication with the nervous sys- tem is also much less necessary to the contraction of their fibres, and their muscles preserve their irritability after being severed from the body much longer than those of the pre- ceding classes ; their heart continues to pulsate for hours after it has been torn away, nor does its loss prevent the body from moving for a long time. The cerebellum of several has been observed to be extremely small, a fact which tallies with their slight propensity to motion. The smallness of the pulmonary vessels permits reptiles to suspend the process of respiration without arresting the course of the blood ; thus they dive with more facility, and remain longer under v^ater than either the Mammalia or Birds. The cells of their lungs, being less numerous, because they have fewer vessels to lodge on their parietes, are much wider, and the organs themselves sometimes resemble simple sacs with scarcely any appearance of cells. Although some of them are incapable of producing audible sounds, they are all provided with a trachea and larynx. Their blood not being warm, there was no necessity for teguments capable of retaining heat, so that they are covered with scales or simply with a naked skin. The females have a double ovary and two oviducts; the males of several genera have a forked or double penis, those of the last order, the Batrachians, have none. No reptile hatches its eggs, and in several genera of the Batrachise, they are fecundated after their exclusion from the female, in which case the egg is enveloped by a membrane only. The young of this latter order, on quitting the egg, have the form and branchiae of Fishes, and some of its genera REPTILIA. O preserve these organs, even after the development of their lungs. In several oviparous reptiles, the Colubers particu- larly, the young animal in the egg is formed and considerably advanced at the moment of its exit from the mother ; and there are even some species which may be rendered viviparous by simply retarding that epoch. (1) The quantity of respiration in Reptiles is not fixed like that of the Mammalia and Birds, but varies with the proportion of the diameter of the pulmonary artery compared to that of the aorta. Thus Tortoises and Lizards respire more than Frogs, &c.; and hence a much greater difference of sensibility and energy than can exist between one of the Mammalia and ano- ther, or between Birds. Reptiles accordingly present an infinitely greater variety of forms, motions, and properties than are to be found in the two preceding classes, and it is in their production that Nature seems to have amused herself by imagining the most fantastic shapes, and by mndifying in every possible way the general plan she has followed in the construction of the Vertebrated animals, and in the Oviparous classes especially. The comparison, however, of their quantity of respiration and of their organs of motion, has enabled M. Brogniart to divide them into four orders,(2) viz. The Chelonia, or Tortoises, whose heart has two anri- cles, and whose body, supported by four feet, is enveloped by two plates or bucklers formed by the ribs and sternum. The Sauria, or Lizards, whose heart has two auricles, and whose body, supported by four or two feet, is covered with scales. The Ophidia, or Serpents, whose heart has two auricles, and whose body always remains deprived of feet. The Batrachia, whose heart has but one auricle, and whose body is naked, most of which pass, with age, from the (1) The Colubers, for instance, when deprived of water, as proved by the ex- periments of M. Geoffroy. (2) Al. Brogniart, Essai d'une Class'ijication NatureUe dcs Ecptiks, Paris, 1805, and in the M4m. des Savants Etrang., torn. 1, p. 587. REPTILIA. form of a Fish respiring bybranchisBj to that of a Quadruped breathing by lungs. Some of them, however^, always retain their branchiae^ and a few have never more than two feet.(l) ORDER I. CHELONIA. The Chelonia, better known by the name of Tortoises, have a heart composed of two auricles, and of a ventricle divided in two unequal cavities, which communicate with each other. The blood from the body is poured into the right auricle, that from the lungs into the left, but the two streams become more or less mingled in passing through the ventricle. These animals are distinguished at the first glance by the double shield in which the body is enveloped, and which al- lows no part to project except their head, neck, tail, and four feet. The shell (or upper shield) is formed by the ribs, of which there are eight pair, widened and reunited by denticu- lated sutures, and with plates adhering to the annular portion of the dorsal vertebra, so that all these parts are rendered fixed and immovable. The inferior shell is formed of pieces, usually nine in number, analogous to a sternum. (2) A frame composed of bony pieces, which have been considered as pos- sessing some analogy with the sternal or cartilaginous portion (1) The Sauria and Ophidia are differently arranged by some others, Merrem, for instance. They detach the Crocodiles, to form a separate order, and unite the first family of the Ophidia or Anguis to the remainder of the Sauria, a dis- tribution which is founded on some peculiarities in the organization of Crocodiles, and on a certain resemblance of Anguis to the Lizards. We merely indicate these affinities, which are almost wholly internal, preferring a division more easily applied. (2) See Geoff. An. du Mus. t. XIV, p. 5; and on the entire osteology of the Tortoises, my Kech. sur les oss. foss. torn. V, 2e partie. [N.B. It is well to re- mark, that I shall hereafter designate the upper shell by the single word shell (testa) and the inferior by sternum. Am, Ed.] CHELONIA. O of the ribs, and which' in one subgenus always remains in a cartilaginous state, surrounds the shell, uniting and binding to- gether all the ribs which compose it. The vertebrae of the neck and tail are consequently the only ones which are mov- able. These two bony envelopes being immediately covered by the skin or by plates, the scapula? and all the muscles of the arm and neck, instead of being connected with the ribs and spine, as in other animals, are attached beneath : the same ar- rangement is found in the bones of the pelvis and all the mus- cles of the thigh, so that in this respect the Tortoise may be said to be an inve?'ted a.nmm]. The vertebral extremity of the scapula is articulated with the shell ; and the opposite limit, which may be considered analogous to a clavicle, is joined to the sternum. So that the two shoulders form a ring through which pass the oesophagus and trachea. A third bony branch, larger than either of the others, and directed downwards and backwards, represents, as in Birds, the coracoid apophysis, but its posterior extremity is free. The lungs have considerable extent, and are situated in the same cavity with the other viscera.(l) The thorax, in most of them, being immovable, it is by the play of its mouth that the Tortoise respires, which it effects by keeping the jaws closed, and alternately raising and depressing the os hyoides. The former of these motions permits air to enter through the nostrils, the tongue then closes the internal orifice of those apertures, when the latter forces the air into the lungs. (2) Tortoises have no teeth ; their jaws are invested with horn like those of Birds; the Chelydes excepted, where they are covered with skin only. Their tympanum and palatine arches (1) Observe that in all those reptiles in which the lung penetrates into the ab- domen (and the Crocodile is the only one in which it does not) it is enveloped like the intestines by a fold of the peritoneum, which separates it from the abdomi- nal cavity. (2) AVith respect to this mechanism, which is common to Tortoises and to the Batrachians, see the Mem. of llobert Townson, Lond. 1779. b REPTILIA. are fixed to the cranium and are immovable ; their tongue is short and bristled with fleshy filaments ; their stomach simple and strong; their intestines of a moderate length and destitute of a caecum. Their bladder is very large. The penis of the male is simple and large, and the eggs laid bv the female are invested v^ith a hard shell. The former is frequently known by its exterior from the concavity of its sternum. They possess great tenacity of life, and instances are on record in which they have been seen to move for several weeks after losing their head. They require but little nourishment, and can pass whole months and even years without eating. The Chelonia were all united by Linnaeus in the genus Testudo, Lin. They have since been divided into five subgenera, chiefly from the forms and teguments of their shell, and of their feet. Testudo, Brog.(l) The land Tortoises have the shell arched and supported by a solid, bony frame, most of its lateral edges being soldered to the sternum; the legs, as if truncated, with very short toes, which are closely joined as far as the nails, all susceptible of being withdrawn between the bucklers; there arc five nails to the fore-feet, the hind ones have four, all stout and conical. Several species live on vege- table food. T. grseca^ L.; Schaepf. pi. viii, ix, is the species most com- mon in Europe; it is found in Greece, Italy, Sardinia, and ap- parently all round the Mediterranean. It is distinguished by its wide and equally arched shell; by its raised scales or plates, which are granulate in the centre, striated on the edges, and marbled with large yellow and black spots; and by its poste- rior edge in the middle, of which there is a prominence slightly bent over the tail. It rarely attains the length of a foot, lives on leaves, fruit, insects, and worms, excavates a hole in which it passes the winter, and breeds in the spring, laying four or five eggs similar to those of a Pigeon. Among the species foreign to Europe there are several from the (1) Merrem has changed this name into Chehbine. CHELONIA. 7 East Indies, of an enormous size, and three feet, and upwards, in length. One of them in particular has been called the Test, indica, Vosm.; Schoepf. 'J'ort. pi. xxii. (The India Tor- toise.) Its shell is compressed in front, and its anterior edge is turned up above the head. Its colour is a deep brown. Some of them are remarkable for the beautiful distribution of their colours; such are, T. geometrica, L. ; Lacep. I, ixj Schoepf. x. (The Geometrica.) A small Tortoise, each plate of whose shell is regularly orna- mented with yellow lines, radiating from a disk of the samei colour. T. radiata, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Ill, pi. ii; and Daud. II, xxvi. (The Coui.) A New Holland species, ornamented with nearly as much regularity as the Geometrica, but which attains a much larger size.(l) In some species, the Pyxis, Bell., the anterior part of the ster- num is movable like that of the Box-Tortoises; others again, the KiNixYs, Id., can move the posterior portion.(2) Emys, Brongn.(3) The fresh-water Tortoises have no other constant characters by which they can be distinguished from the preceding ones, than the greater separation of the toes, which are terminated by longer nails, and the intervals occupied by membranes; even in this respect there are shades of difference. They likewise have five nails be- fore and four behind. The form of their feet renders their habits more aquatic. Most of them feed on insects, small fishes, &c. Their envelope is generally more flattened than that of the land Tortoises. (1) Add: T.stellata, Schospf. XXV; T. angulata, Schweig; T. areolata, Sch., XXIII; T. marginata, Sch. XII, 1, 2;T. denticulata, Sch., XXVIII, 1; Tl cafra, Schweig; T. signata, Schvv.; T. carbonaria, Spix, XVI; T. Hercules, Id.. XIV; T. cagado. Id. XVII; Tl tabulata, Sch., XIII; T. sculpta, Spix, XV; 71 nigra, Quoy and Gaym. Voy. de Freycin. Zool. XXXVII; T. depressa, Cuv.; T.bigut- lata. Id.; T. Carolina, Le Conte, &c.* (2) See the paper of M. Bell., in the Lin. Trans. Vol. XV, part 2, p. 392; in two of these Kinixys which we have seen living, the edges of the joint in the shield were worn away, or as if carious, and to such a degree as to induce a sus- picion that there was something morbid in this conformation. (3) From e/^tyc, Tortoise. * This is a mistake of our author; it is the T. Carolina, Gmel., the T. polyphemus of others. Am. Ed. 8 REPTILIA. Test, europeea, Schn. ; T. orbicularis, L. ; Schoept". pi. 1(1) (The Fresh-water Tortoise of Europe), is the most universally diffused species; it is fouiil in all the south and east of Europe as far as and in Prussia^ Its shell is oval, but slightly convex, tolerably smooth, blackish, and every where dotted with yellow- ish points arranged in radii. It attains the length of ten inches; its flesh is used as food, and it is reared for that purpose with bread, young vegetables, &c. Marsigli says, its eggs are a year in being hatched. Test, picta^ Schoepf. pi. iv (The Painted Tortoise), is one of the most beautiful species; it is smooth and brown, each plate being surrounded with a yellow band, which is very broad on the anterior edge. It is found in North America along the shores of brooks, on rocks or trunks of trees, whence it plunges into the water on the first alarm. (2) Among the fresh-water Tortoises we should remark The Box-Tortoises, (3) The sternum of which is divided by a movable articulation into two lids, which, when the head and limbs are withdrawn, com- pletely encase the animal in its shell. In some the anterior lid only is movable. (4) In others both are equally so.(5) (1) It is the same as the verte et jaune, Lacep. pi. vi, and his ronde, pi. v, see the Monog-. of this species by M. Bojanus, Vilna, 1819, fol. (2) Add Em. lutaria, ha.ce]p., IV; Em. Mansonii, Schweig-; Em.senegalensis, Dumer.; E7n. subrufa, 'Lacep., XIII; Em. contrada, Schweig-; Em. ptmctafa, Schoepf. V; Em. reticulata, Daud. ; Em. rubriventris, Le Conte; Em. serrata, Daud. II, xxi; Em. concinna, Le Conte, or geometrica, Lesueur; Em. geogra- phica, Lesueur; Em. scriptq, Schcepf., Ill, 4; Em. cinerea. Id. II, 3; Em. ceii- trata, Uaud. or terrapen, Schoepf., XV; Em.concentrica, Le Conte; Em. odoraia. Id.; J^7n./itsca, Lesueur; Em. leprosa, Schw.; Em.nasuta, Id.; Em.dorsata, Schoepf.; Em. pulchella, Schoepf., XXVI, or insculpta, Le Conte; Em. lutescens, Schw.; Em. expansa. Id.; Em. Macquaria, Cuv. M. Fitzinger separates under the name of Ciielodi>-a, and M. Bell under that of Htdraspis, those species which have a more elongated neck, such as the Em. Imgkollis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Ill, part. I, pi. xvi;Em.planiceps, Schcepf , XXVII, or canaliculata, Spix, YIiI;Em. plaiicephala, Menem; Em. depressa, Spix, III, 2; Em. carunculata, Aug. St. Hil. ; Em.tritentaculata, Id. (3) This subdivision gave Merrem his genus Terrapene, Spix his Kinoster- NON, and Fleming his Cistuda. The European species, and others already par- take of this movability, which i-enders the task of limiting the genus a difficult matter. (4) Test, subnigra, I, vii,2; 71 clausa, Schoepf., VII. (5) La Tortile d boite d'Jmboine, Daud. II, 309; Test, tricarinata, Schoepf., II;_ Test. pennsylvanica, I, d. xxiv. [To which may be added T. odorata, Daud. Am. Ed.] CHELONIA. y There are some Fresh -water Tortoises, on the contrary, whose long tail and voluminous members cannot be completely retracted within the shell. This approximates them to the following sub- genera, and particularly to the Chelydes, and renders them conse- quently worthy of distinction.(l) Such is, Test, serpentina, L.; Schoepf. pi. vi. (The Snapper.) Easily recognised by its tail, which is nearly as long as its shell, and bristled with sharp and dentated crests, and by its pyrami- dically elevated plates. It is found in the warm parts of North America, where it destroys numbers of fishes and aquatic birds, wanders far from rivers, and sometimes weighs upwards of twenty pounds. Chelonia, Brongn.(2) The envelope of the Sea Tortoises(3) is too small to receive their head, and particularly their feet, which are very long (the anterior ones most so,) and flattened into fins. The toes are all closely united in the same membrane, the two first ones of each foot being alone furnished with pointed nails, one or other of which at a certain age is usually lost. The pieces of their sternum do not form a conti- nuous plate, but are variously notched, leaving considerable inter- vals which are filled with cartilage only. The ribs are narrowed and separated from each other at their external extremities; the circum- ference of the shell, however, is surrounded with a circle of pieces corresponding to the ribs of the sternum. The temporal fossa is covered above by an arch formed by the parietal and other bones, so that the whole head is furnished with an uninterrupted osseous helmet. The internal surface of the oesophagus is every where armed with sharp cartilaginous points which incline towards the stomach. Test, mydas, L.;(4) T. viridis, Schn. ; Lacep. I, 1 (The Green Tortoise), is distinguished by its greenish plates, thirteen in number, which are not arranged like tiles; those of the mid- dle range are almost regular hexagons. It is found from six to seven feet long, and weighing from seven to eight hundred (1) This subdivision has furnished M. Fitzinger with his genus Cheltdra, and M. Fleming with that of Chelgnura. (2) Chelonia, from ;^sm3v. Merrem has preferred the barbarous name of Ca- HETTA. (3) Commonly, but absurdly, termed Turtle,- they might, with equal propriety, be called Doves. Ann. Mus. II, xlviii, Lac. capensis, Sparm. and the M. albogularis, Daud. l{ept. Ill, pi. xxxii. It is from this subdivision that M. Fitzlnger has made his genus "VAnANus, under whicli name Merrem comprized all tlie Monitors. (3) This species constitutes the genus Psammosatikus of M. Fitzinger. 20 REFTILIA. while on the breast which reaches obliquely over the shoulder. Specimens have been found three feet in length. (1) In the other group of the Monitors, there are angular plates on the head, and large rectangular scales on the belly and round the tail. The skin of the throat, covered with small scales, is doubled into two transverse folds. There is a row of pores on the under part of their thighs. (2) This group is also susceptible of subdivi- sions: the first forms the genus Crocodilurus, Spix,(3) Whose distinguishing character consists in scales relieved by ridges, as in the Crocodiles, forming crests on the tail, which is com- pressed. Mon. crocodilimis, Merr. ;Z Grande Dragonne, L.s.cGp. Quadr. Ovip. pi. ix, has ridged scales scattered also along the back. Its back teeth become rounded with age. It attains a length of six feet, and lives in burrows near marshes. Found in Guiana, where its flesh is eaten. Lac.bicarinata, L.; Le Lezardet, Daud.; Crocodilurus mnazon- icus, Spix, pi. xxi, is smaller, and has none of the aforesaid kind of scales on the back. It is found in several parts of South America. In the second, or Sauvegardes, Cuv. Teius, Merr. None of the scales of the back and tail carinate: the teeth are notched, but with age the back ones also become rounded.(4) (1) With this species, from the distribution of colours, are connected the T. bigare, Uaud. {Lac. varia, Shaw, Nat. Misc. 83, J. White, 253); a neighbouring species of Manilla (M marmoratus, C): the T. elegant and the T. etoile, Daud. Ill, xxxi, and Seb., I, xcxiv, 1, 2, 3, xcxviii, xcix, 2; II, xxx, 2, xc, cv, 1, &c. all of which are but one species, originally from Africa. We must add the T. cepedien, Daud. Ill, xxiv, or Lac. exunthematica, Bosc, Act. Soc. Nat. Par.pl. v, f. 3, ocellated throughout; the M. dotted with brown of Bengal [M. lengalensis. Daub.); the black M. spotted with green of the Moluccas {M. indicus, Daud.); a species of a uniform black from Java, M. nigricans, Cuv., &c. All things considered, I have now reason to believe that the fig. of Seba, I, pi. ci, f. 1, of which Linnjeus made his Lacerta dracaetia, but which is very different from the Dragonne of Lacep. , is the M. bengalensis. Seba's original is in the Museum. To these species with a compressed tail, M. Fitzinger applies the generic name ofTuPIKAMBIS. (2) Merrem has made his genus Teius from this second group. (3) M. Gray has changed this name into Ada. (4) It is to such that M. Fitzinger particularly applies the name of Monitor. SAURIA. 21 Some of them, more particularly termed Sauvegardes, have a tall that is more or less compressed; the scales on the belly are longer than they are l)road. They live on the banks of rivers, &c. Such is Lac. teguixin, Lin. and Shaw; Ze Grande Sauvegarde d'jlme- riqice; Teyu-guazu; Teniapara, &c.; Seb. I, xcvi, 1, 2, 3, xcvii, 5, xcix, 1. Yellow dots and spots disposed in transverse bands, on a black ground above, and a yellowish one beneath; yellow and black bands on the tail.(l) Found in Guiana, where it at- tains the length of six. feet. It moves rapidly on shore, and when pursued hastens to the water for refuge, where it dives, but does not swim. It feeds on insects, reptiles, eggs, Sec, and lays in holes which it excavates in the sand. Both flesh and eggs are edible.(2) Others, called Ameivas(3) only differ from the preceding in the tail, which is round, and nowise compressed, furnished, as well as the belly, with transverse rows of square scales; those on the belly are more broad than long. They are American Lizards, tolerably similar, externally, to those of Europe; but besides the want of mo- lars, most of them have no collar, and all the scales of the throat are small; their head also is more pyramidal than that of the Euro- pean Lizards, and they have not, like the latter, a bony plate on the orbit. Several species have been confounded under the name oi La- certa ameiva, some of which it is still very difficult to distin- guish. The most common, Teyus ameiva, Spix, XXIII; Pr. Max. de Wied. liv. V, is a foot long or more; green; the back more or less dotted and spotted with black, and vertical rows of white ocellated spots bordered with black, on the flanks. There is another, Teyus cya?ieus, Merr.; Lacep., I,xxxi, Seb. II, cv, 2, about the same size, of a bluish colour, with round white spots scattered over the flanks and sometimes on the body. The young of these animals, and of some others of the (1) Dried specimens, or those preserved In sph-its, assume a greenish or bluish tint in those parts where the colours are light, and it is thus that they are repre- sented by Seba; but while alive, and as we have seen it, the light parts are more or less yellow. Pr. Max. de Wied has given a good picture of it in his eleventh No. (2) Add the Tupin. d iaches veries of Daud. , if it be not a'simple variety of Sauve- garde. Spix calls it Tup. monitor, pi. xix; it is his T. nigropundatits, which is the true Sauvegarde. (3) According to Marcgrave, the term Ameiva designates a Lizard with a forked tail, a circumstance which can only be the result of accident; Edwards having had m liis possession an individual of the above division, in which this accident was observed, applied that term to the whole species. Marcgrave compares his indi- vidual to his Tumguira, which, from his description, is rather a Polychrus. 22 REPTILIA. same subdivision, have blackish stripes on the sides of the back, a fact worth remembering' to avoid an undue multiplication of species. (l) We may separate from the Ameivas certain species, all the scales of whose belly, legs, and tail, are carinated,(2) and others in which even those on the back are similarly relieved, so that the flanks only are granulated. (3) A collar under the neck also approximates these species to the lizards. (4) The LacertAj properly so called, Or true Lizards, form the second genus of the Lacertians. The ex- tremity of their palate is armed with two rows of teeth, and they are otherwise distinguished from the Ameivas and Sauvegardes by a collar under the neck, formed of a transverse row of large scales, separated from those on the belly by a space covered with small ones only, like those under the throat; and by the circumstance that a part of the cranium projects over their temples and orbits, so as to furnish the whole top of the head with a bony buckler. (1) Such, it appears to me, is the Teyiis ocellifer, Spix, xxv. Add the Am. litterata, Daud. Seb., I, Ixxxiii; Jim. cceruleocephala, Id. Seb. I, xci, 3; .im. laterisiriga, Cuv. Seb. I, xc, 7; Am. lemniscata {Lacert. lemnis, Gm.), Seb. I, xcii, 4; Teius irit^iiatus, Spix, xxi, 2; T. cyanomelas, Pr. Max. Liv. V. [Add Jim. sex-lineata, Catesb. 68. Jim, Ed."] It is impossible to say from what confusion of synonymes Daud. has placed the Am. litterata in Germany; like all the others, it is from America. The Am. gi'a- phique, Daud. Seb. I, Ixxxv, 2, 4, is the Dotted Monitor; his Am. argus, Seb. I, Ixxxv, 3, is the 3Tu7i. cepedien,- his goitreux, Seb. II, ciii, 3, 4, does not differ from the litterata; finally, his tete rouge, Seb. I, xci, 1, 2, is a common Green Lizard. He was probably led into error by the coloured plates of Seba. The Lac. 5-li- neata appears to me to be a L. coeruleocephala, a part of whose broken tail had grown again with small scales, as is always the case when that accident happens; the axis of this new portion of the tail is always, also, a cartilaginous stem with- out vertebrse. It is impossible to characterize species by similar accidental cir- cumstances, as Merrem has done in his Teyus monitor and cyaneus. (2) In one sex of one of these species, there are two small spines on each side of, the anus, which circumstance gave rise to the genus Centroptx of Spix, XXII, 2. (3) The Lezard stri^ of Surinam, Daud., Ill, p. 347, of which Fitzinger makes his genus Psetido-Ameiva. (4) It appears to me that even the Centropyx has palatine teeth; these two sorts of Lizards, liowever, have the head of an Amelva, no bone on the oi-bit, &c. N.B. Fitzinger makes a genus (Tetus) of the Lezard teyou, Daud. which should have but four toes to the hind feet; its only foundation, liowever, is an imperfect description of Azzara, and it does not seem to me sufficiently authentic. SAUIIIA. 23 They are very numerous. Europe produces several species confounded by Linnaeus under the name oi Lacerta agilis. The most beautiful is the Grand Lizard vert ocelle, Lac. ocellata, Daud.j Lacep., I, xx; Daud. Ill, xxxiii, from the south of France, Spain, and Italy. It is more than a foot long, with lines of black dots, forming rings or eyes and a kind of embroidery; the young according to M. Edwards is the Lezard gentil, Uaud., Ill, xxxi. The Lac. viridis, Daud., Ill, xxxiv, of which the Lac. bilineaia, Id. xxxvi, 1, according to the same gentleman, is a variety; the Lac. sepium, Id. lb. 2, of which the Lac. are- nicola, Id., xxxviii, 2, is a variety; and the Lac. agilis^ Id., xxxviii, 1, are found in the environs of Paris. The south of France produces the Veloce, Pall., to which must be referred the Vosqiden, Daud. xxxvi, 2, and some new species.(l) Algyra, Cuv. The tongue, teeth, and femoral pores of the Lizards, but the scales of the back and tail are carinated, those of the belly smooth and im- bricated. The collar is wanting.(2) TACHyDROMus,(3) Daud. Square and carinated scales on the back, under the belly, and on the tail; no collar nor femoral pores, but on each side of the anus is a small vesicle opening by one of the latter. The tongue still like that of the Lizards, and the body and tail very much elongated. FAMILY III. IGUANIDA.(4) This third great family of Saurians possesses the general form; long tail^ and free and unequal toes of the Lacertians ; (1) I add, but v/ith hesitation, the Lac. cericea, Laur., 11,5} argus. Id. 5; ter- restris. Id., Ill, 5. The tiliguerta of Daudin is made up of an American Amei- va and the green Lizard of Sardinia, from a bad description by Cetti. The crM- leocephala, the lemniscaia, tlie quinquelineata, are Amdvas. The sexlineata, Catesb., XLVIII, is a Seps. N.B. With due submission to our author, this appears to be a mistake, the seX' lineata, Catesb., is most certainly an Ameiva. .Am. Ed. (2) Lac. alegyra,h\n. (3) loL^vi and J'pufAov, Quick-runner. (4) Igtiane, a name according- to Hernandez, Scaliger, &c. originating in St Do- 24 REPTILIA. their eye, ear^ &c. are also similar, but their tongue is fleshy, thick, non- extensible, and only emarginated at the tip. They may be divided into two sections ; in the first, or that of the Agamians, there are no palatine teeth. In this section we place the following genera, Stellio, Cuv. In addition to the general characters of the family of the Iguanida, the tail is encircled by rings composed of large and frequently spiny scales. The subgenera are as follows: CoRDYLUs, Gronov.(l) The tail, belly and back covered with large scales arranged in transverse rows. The head, like that of the common lizards, is pro- tected by a continuous bony buckler, and covered with plates. In several species the points of the scales on the tail form spiny circles; there are small spines also to those on the sides of the back, on the shoulders, and outsides of the thighs, on which latter there is a line of very large pores. The Cape of Good Hope produces several species long con- founded under the name of Lacerta cordylus, L. These Saurians, whose armour so completely defends them, are a little larger than the common Green Lizard of Europe, and feed on insects. (2) ming'o, whose Inhabitants must have pronounced it Hiuana, or Jgoana. Accord- ing to Bontius it originated in Java, where the natives call it Leguan. In this case the Portuguese and Spaniards carried it to America transformed to Iguana. They apply it there now to a Sauvegarde, as a true Iguana. This name, as well as. that of Guano, has occasionally been given to Monitors of the eastern continent. The reader of travels should bear this in mind; I even consider the Leguan of Bon- tius as a Monitor. (1) According to Aristotle, "the Cordylus is the only animal possessing feet and branchiae. It swims with its feet and tail, the latter of which, as far as large things can be compared with small, is similar to that of a Silurus. This tail is soft and broad. It has no fins: it lives in marshes, like the Frog: it is a quadruped, and leaves the water: sometimes it is dried up and dies." It is evident that these characters can only belong to the larva of the aquatic Salamander, as M. Schneider has very justly observed. Belon has described this Salamander by the name of Cordyle, but his printer, by mistake, annexed to it the figure of the Lac. nihtica., L. Rondelet has applied this name to the great Stellio of Egypt, or Caudiverbera of B61on, mistaking the ear, in the figure, for a gill opening. Between Rondelet and Llnnasus, then, Cordylus has passed for the synonyme of the Caudiverbera. Its special application to the above subgenus is alto- gether arbitrary. Merrem has changed it to Zondhds. (2) Daudin has referred several synonymes of Stellio to Cordylus, just as he has SAURIA. 25 Stellio, Daud.(l) The spines of the tail moderate: the head enlarged behind by the muscles of the jaws; the back and thighs bristled here and there with scales larger than the others, and sometimes spiny; small groups of spines surrounding the ear; no pores on the thighs; the tail long, and terminating in a point. But one species is known. Lac. stellio, L. ; the Stellio of the Levant; Seb. I, cvi, f. 1, 2; and better Tournef. Voy. au Lev. I, 120; and Geoff. Descr. de I'Egypte, Rept. II, 3; Koscordylos of the modern Greeks; Har- dun of the Arabs. A foot long; of an olive colour shaded with black; very common throughout the Levant, and particularly so in Egypt. According to Belon it is the faeces of this animal which are collected for the druggists under the names of cor- dylea, crocodilea or stercus lacerti^ which were formerly in vogue as a cosmetic; but it would rather appear that the ancients at- tributed this name and quality to those of the Monitor. The Mahometans kill the present Stellio wherever they see it, be- cause, as they say, it mocks them by bowing the head, as they do when at prayer. DoRTPHORUS, CuV. The pores wanting as in the Stellios, but the body is not bristled with small groups of spines.(2) Uromastix,(3) Cuv. Stellions Batards, Daud. Mere Stellios, whose head is not enlarged, all the scales of their referred to Stellio several synonymes of the Geckotte. There are four species in France: Cui-d. griseus. Nob., Seb. I, Ixxxiv, 4; the C. niger, the ridges of whose scales are more blunt, Seb., II, Ixii, 5; the C. dorsalis; the C. microlepidotus. There are also some Cordylesat the Cape of G. Hope, whose scales, (even those on the tail) are almost destitute of spines (C. bsvigatus,lsi oh.). (1) The Stellio of the Latins was a spotted Lizard that lived in holes of walls. It was considered the enemy of man, venomous and cunning'. Hence the term stellimiate, or Fraud in the contract. It was probably the Tarentok, or the Gecko tuberculeux of the south of Europe, Geckotte of Lsicep., as conjectured by various authors, and lately by M. Schneider. There is nothing to justify its application to the present species; Kelon, if I am not mistaken, was the first who abused it thus. (2) Stellio brevicaudatus, Seb., II, Ixxii, 6; Daud., IV, pi. 47. St. azureus, Daud., Id. 46. (3) Caudiverbera and is/!o//tar<| are not ancient names. They were coined by Ambrosinus for the great Egyptian species, of which Belon had said " cauda aire- cissime diverberare creditur. " Linnsus was the fii'st who applied it to a Gecko, and Vol. ILD 26 REFT I LI A. , body being small, smooth and uniform, and those of the tail still larger and more spiny than in the common Stellio; but there are none beneath. There is a series of pores under their thighs. Stellio spinipcs, Daud.; Fouette-queue iVEgypte^ Geoff. Rept. d'Egyp. pi. II, f. 2. Two or three feet long; the body inflated; altogether of a fine grass green; small spines on the thighs; the tail only spiny above. Found in the deserts which surround . '. (Egypt; it was formerly described by Belon, who says, but with- ,' '.out adducing proof, that it is the terrestrial Crocodile of the ancients, (l) Agama, Daud. (2) The Agamae bear a great resemblance to the common Stellios, particularly in their inflated head; but the scales of their tail, which are imbricate and not verticillate, distinguish them from that genus. Their maxillary teeth are nearly similar, and there are none in the palate. In the Common Agama, The scales are raised in points or tubercles; spines either singly or in groups bristle on various parts of the body, the vicinity of the ear especially. A row of them is sometimes found on the neck, but without forming that palisado-like crest which characterizes the Calotes. The skin of the throat is lax, plaited transversely, and sus- ceptible of being inflated. In some species are found femoral pores. The Jig. barbata^ N. is very remarkable for its size and extraor- dinary figure; a suite of large spiny scales extend along its back and tail in transverse bands, and approximate it to the Stellios. other authors have given it to different Saurians. Add Urom. griseus of New Holland; Ur. reticulatus of Bengal; Ur. acantinurus. Bell. Zool. Jour., I, 457, if it be a distinct species. N.B. The flat-tailed Stellio of New Holland, Daud. is a Phyllurus. (1) It is a Uromastix that is described by M. de Lacep. Rept. II, 4:97, under the name of Quetzpako, which is that of another Saurian, to be spoken of here- after. Add, Ur. ornatus, Ruppel. (2) Jlgama, from a.yaifjm, bachelor. Why Linnseus gave this name to one of these Lizards, it is impossible to conjecture; Daudin has extended it to the whole of the subgenus to which this species belongs, and thinks that Agama is the name given to it in the country of which it is a native. A new species called .tonpiata has lately been described by Messrs Peale and Green, Jour. Acad. Nat. So. Philad. Vol. VI, p. 231, from Mexico, which they con- sider as approaching the nigricoUis, Spix. Am. Ed. SAURIA. 27 The throat, which can be greatly inflated, is covered with elon- gated and pointed scales, which constitute a sort of beard. Similar scales bristle on the flanks, and form two oblique crests behind the ears; yellowish spots edged with black under the belly. We must not confound with it the Lac. muricata^ Sh. ; ihe Muricaied Jigama of the same country, Gen. Zool., Vol. Ill, part 1, pi. Ixv, f. xi; White, p. 244, in which the raised scales are disposed in longitudinal bands, be- tween which are two series of spots paler than the ground, which is a blackish brown. It usually attains a large size. Other species have no femoral pores. Jig. colonorum, Daud.; Seb. I, cvii, 3.(1) Brownish, with a long tail; a small row of short spines on the neck; from Africa, and not, as is asserted, from Guiana. There is a smaller Agama at the Cape, with a moderate tail, varied with brown and yellowish, bristled above with raised and pointed scales, the Jig. aculeata, Merr. ;(2) Seb., I, viii, 6, Ixxxiii, 1 and 2, cix, 6; its belly sometimes assumes an inflated form, which leads to the Tapayes Agames Orbiculaires, Daud. in part, Which are mere Agamae, with an inflated abdomen and a short and thin tail. Such is Lac. orbicularis, L.; Ta-payaxin of Mexico, Hern. 327. The back is spinous, and the belly sprinkled with blackish points. (3) (1) Nothing can surpass the confusion intliesynonymes quoted by authors with respect to the different species of Lizards, and chiefly of the Agamse, Calotes and Stellios. As regards the Agama, for instance, Daudin quotes from Gmelin, Seb., I, cvii, land 2, which 'are Stellios; Sloane, Jam., If, cclxxiii, 2, which is an Anolis, Edw. ccxlv, 2, which is also an Anolis; and the same fig. is again quoted by him and Gmel. for the Polychrus. Shaw even copies it to represent that same animal, with which it has nothing in common. Seb., I, cvii, 3, which is the true Ag. co/onarww, Daud., is cited by Merrem as .^g'. superdliosa; and Seb., I, cix, 6, which is his aculeata, is quoted as orbicularis, &c. (2) The Agame a pierre^-ies, Daud. IV, 410; Seb. I, viii, 6, is merely the young of this spiny Agama of the Cape, whose colours are more various tlian those of the adult. Add V Agame somhrc {Ag. atra\ Daud., Ill, 349; rough, blackish; a yel- lowish line along the back; the Ag. ombre {Lac. umbra) Daud., which is not the Lac. umbra, Lin. but distinguished fi'om it by five lines of very small spines, which extend along the back, &c. (3) 1 do not think the subgenus of the Tapayes can be preserved; the species of Hernandez {Lac. orbicularis, L.), Hern., p. 327, does not appear to differ'From the Agama cornutu of Harlan, Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. IV, pi. xlv, or, if at all, only from the sex. Daudin has put in its place, tom. Ill, pi. xlv, f 1, the adult of the Tup. segyptius. 2S REPTILIA. Trapelus, Cuv. The form and teeth of the Agamae, but the scales are small and without spines; no pores on the thighs. Trap. .Mgyptius; Le Changeant d'Pgypte, Geoff. Rep. d'Eg. pi. V, f. 3, 4; the adult, Daud. Ill, xlv, 1, under the name of Orbiculaire, is a little animal whose body is also sometimes in- flated, and remarkable for changing its colours even more sud- denly than the Chameleon. When young it is entirely smooth; there are some larger scales scattered among the small ones on the body of the adult. (1) Leiolepis, Cuv. The teeth of an Agama, the head less inflated, and completely covered with very small, smooth, and compact scales. Pores on the thighs.(2) The Tropidolepis, Cuv. Still similar to the Agamae in teeth and form, but regularly co- vered with imbricated and carinated scales. The femoral portjs are strongly marked.(3) The Leposoma, Spix Tropidosaurus, Boie, Only differs from Tropidolepis, by having no pores.(4) Calotes, Cuv.(5) The Calotes differ from the Agams in being regularly covered (1) It is difficult to establish precise limits between this subgenus and certain short, thick Agamx, that have but few spines. (2) There is a species in Cochin China that is blue, with white stripes and spots, and a long tail {Leil. guttatus, Cuv.). (3) Mg- undulata, Daud., a species that is found throughout America, remark- able for a white cross under the throat, on a black-blue ground. The .Sg. nigrl- collaris, Spix, XVI, 2, and cydurus, XVII f, f. 1, are at least closely allied to it. (4) Spix has not expressed himself with precision in saying that the scales of his leposoma are verticillate, and this it is which has deceived M. Fitzinger. The genus Tropidosaurus was made by Boie from a small species from Cochin China, which is in the Cabinet du Hoi . (5) Pliny says that the Stellio of the Latins was called by the Greeks Gakotes, Calotes, and Askalabotes, It was, as we have seen, the Geckotte of Lacep. Its appli- cation by Linnaeus to his Lac. calotes is arbitrary, and was suggested to him by Seba. Spix comprises our Calotes in his genus Lophthus, which is not the same as tliat of Dumeril. SAURIA. 29 with scales, arranged like tiles, frequently carinated and terminating in a point on the body as well as the limbs and tail, which is very long; those on the middle of the back are more or less turned up, and compressed into spines forming a crest of variable extent. They have no visible pores on the thighs, which, added to their teeth, dis- tinguishes them from the Iguanae. The most common species, Lac. calotes, L.; Seb. I, Ixxxix, 2; xciii, 2; xcv, 3 and 4; Daud., Ill, xliiij Agama ophiomachiis, Merr., isof a pretty light blue with transverse white streaks on the sidesj there are two rows of spines behind the ear. From the East Indies. It is called a Chameleon in the Moluccas, al- though it does not change its colours. The eggs are fusi- form.(l) In the LoPHYRUs, Dumeril, The scales on the body are similar to those of the Agamse; there is also a crest of palisado-like scales still higher than that of the Calotes. The tail is compressed and the femoral pores are wanting. A remarkable species is, Agama gigantea,(2) Kuhl; Seb. I, c. 2, whose dorsal crest is placed very high on the neck, and is formed of several rows of vertical scales; two bony ridges, one on each side, extend from the muzzle to the eye, where they terminate in a point, and join (1) Add the .Sg. gutturosa, Merr. or cristatella, Kuhl; blue, without bands, and small scales on the back; Seb., I, Ixsxix, 1; the Ag. cristata, Merr., Seb. I, xciii, 4, and II, Ixxvi, 5, a reddish brown, with blackish brown scattered spots, of which the Jgame arlequine, Daud. Ill, xliv, is the young; the Ag. vultuosa, Harl. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc.lV, xix.* All these species are from the East Indies; the Lophyrus ochrocollaris and margaritaceus, Spix,XII, 2, are American Calotes; the first is the same &s the Agama pida, Pr. Max.; the Loph. panthera, Spix, pi. xxiii, f. 1, is the young of the same. Add to these American Calotes Loph. rhoinbifer, Spix, xi, of which the Loph. albomaxillaris. Id., XXIII, f. 2, is the young; Loph. auroni- tens, Spix, pi. xiii. We might separate from the other Calotes a species from Cochin China, with a smooth back, without any visible scales; the belly, limbs and tail covered with carinated scales {Cal. lepidogaster. Nob.); the Ag. catenata, Fr. Max. liv. V, may belong to this group. N.B. The designer of Seba's plates has given to most of his Iguanse, Agamse, Calotes, &c. extensible and forked tongues, drawn from imagination. (2) It is difficult to imagine the reason that induced Kuhl to call this Saurian gigantic, as it is not larger than its most closely allied Agamae and Calotes. * From the observations of Major J.e Conte, it would seem that what is here called the Ag. vultuosa is the young of another species. Am. Ed. 30 REPTILIA. on the temple. This singular Saurian appears to belong to In- dia. The GoNocEPHALUs, Kaup. Is closely allied to Lophyrusj the cranium also forms a sort of disk by means of a ridge which terminates in a notch above each eye. There is a dewlap and a crest on the neck. The tympanum is visible. (l) Lyriocephalus, Merr. In addition to the characters of a Lophyrus, the species of this subgenus have a tympanum concealed under the skin and muscles, like that of the Chameleon: they also have a dorsal crest and a ca- rinated tail. In the species known, Lyrio margaritaceus, Merr.; Lacerta scutata, L.; Seb. cix, c, the bony crest of the eye-brows is still larger than in the Ag. gigantea, and terminates behind, on each side, in a sharp point. Large scales are scattered among the small ones on the body and limbs; imbricated and carinated scales on the tail; a soft, though scaly enlargement on the end of the muzzle. This truly singular species is found in Bengal and other parts of India. (2) It feeds on grain. Brachylophus, Cuv. Small scales; the tail somewhat compressed; a slightly salient crest on the neck and back; a small dewlap, a series of pores on each thigh, and, in a word, a strong resemblance to the Iguan?e; but they have no palatine teeth; those of the jaws are denticulate. Such is L'Jguane a bandes, Brong., Essai et Mem. des Sav. Etr. I, pi. x,f. 5, From India. It is a deep blue, with light blue bands. (1) Isis, 1825, I, p. 590, pi. iii. (2) From this Lyriocephalus, the Pjteustes of Merrem and the rHRxu-ocEPHA- iTJs of Kaup, Fitzinger forms a family called Pxeustoidea, which he approximates to that of the Chameleons. The Pneustes depend altogether on a vague and im- perfect description of Azzara, II, 401, on which, also, Daudin had established his Agame d queue prenante, III, 440; Azzar. says that its ear is not visible, probably because it is very small. The Prtnocepiialtjs is composed of the Lac. guttata and the Lac. uraknsis, Lepechin. Voy. I, p. 317, pi. xxii, f. 1 and 2, which form but one species. Kaup asserts that ithas no external tympanum (Isis of 1825, I, 591). Not having seen these animals, I hesitate as to their classification. Another sub- genus will probably have to be made of the Lezard d m-eilks {Lac. aurita. Pall.), Daud., Ill, xlv, remarkable for the faculty it possesses of inflating the two sides of the head under the ears: I have not, however, been able to examine it. SAURIA. 31 Physignathus, Cuv. The same teeth, scales, and pores; the head very much enlarged behind, and without the dewlap; a crest of large pointed scales on the back and tail, which is strongly compressed. Ph. cocincinus, Nob. is a large species from Cochin China; blue, with stout scales, and some spines on the enlargements of the sides of the head. It lives on fruit, &c. IsTiuRUS; Cuv. LopiiURAj Gray.(l) The distinguishing character of this genus consists in an elevated and trenchant crest, which extends along a part of the tail, and which is supported by high spinous apophyses of the vertebrae; this crest is scaly like the rest of the body; the scales on the belly and tail are small, and approach somewhat to a square form; the teeth are strong, compressed, and without denticulations: there are none in the pa- late: there is a series of femoral pores. The skin of the throat is smooth and lax, but Avithout forming a dewlap. Lac. amboinensis, Gm. ; Le Porte-Crete, Lacep. ; Schlosser, Monog., cop. Bonnat. Erpet. pi. v, f. 2, The crest confined to the origin of the tail; some spines on the front of the back; lives in water, or on the shrubs about its shores; feeds on seeds and worms. We have discovered in its stomach both leaves and insects. It is sometimes found four feet in length. Its flesh is edible. Draco, L.(2) The Dragons are distinguished at the first glance, from all other Saurians, by their first six false ribs, which, instead of encircling the abdomen, extend outwards in a straight line, and support a pro- duction of the skin, forming a kind of wing that may be compared to that of a Bat, but which is not connected wiih the four feet; it acts like a parachute in supporting them, when they leap from one branch to another, but has not sufficient power to enable them to (1) I have changed this name of Lophura, which is too much like that of Lo- phyrus. (2) The term J'pa.x.iev, draco, generally designated a large Serpent; Dragons, with a crest or beard, are spoken of by ancient writers, a description which can only apply to the Iguana,- Lucian is the first who mentions Flying Dragons, allud- ing, no doubt, to the pretended Flying Serpents treated of by Herodotus; St Au- gustine, and other subsequent authors, ever after described Dragons as having wings. 32 REPTILIA. rise like a Bird. They are small animals, completely invested with little imbricated scales, of which those on the tail and limbs are ca- rinated. Their tongue is fleshy, but slightly extensible, and some- what emarginate. A long pointed dewlap hangs under their throat, supported by the tail of the os hyoides; there are also two smaller ones on the sides attached to the horns of the same bone. The tail is long; there are no porous granules on the thighs, and there is a lit- tle notch on the nape of the neck. Four small incisors are found in each jaw, and on each side a long and pointed canine, and twelve triangular and tribolate grinders. They consequently have the scales and dewlap of the Iguanse, with the head and teeth of the Stellio. All the known species are from the East Indies; they were con- founded for a great length of time, but Daudin has accurately determined their specific differences.(l) SiTANA, Cuv.(2) Teeth of the Agamas and four canini; body and limbs covered with imbricated and carinated scales; no pores on the thighs; but their ribs are not extended outwards. It is distinguished by an enormous dewlap which reaches to the middle of the belly, and which is twice the height of the animal. Sit. ponticeriana, Cuv. is the only known species, and is from the East Indies. It is small, fawn-coloured, and has a series of broad, brown, rhomboidal spots along the back. It is perhaps to this tribe of Agamians that we should ap- proximate a very extraordinary reptile which is only to be found among the fossils of the old Jura limestone formation. Pterodactylus, Cuv. (3) It had a short tail, an extremely long neck, and a very large head; the jaws armed with equal and pointed teeth; but its chief charac- ter consisted in the excessive elongation of the second toe of the fore-foot, which was more than double the length of the trunk, and most probably served to support some membrane which enabled the animal to fly, like that upheld by the ribs of the dragon. The second section of the Iguanian family, that of the Igua- (1) The Dragon ray e; the Drag, vert, Daud., Ill, xli; the Drag. brun. (2) Sitan is the name of the species on the Coast of Coromandel. (3) See my Oss. foss. 2d ed. Vol. V, p. 2, pi. xxiii. SAURIA. 33 NiANS proper, is distinguished from the first by having teeth in the palate. Iguana, Cuv. In Iguana, properly so called, the body and tail are covered with small imbricated scales; along the entire length of the back, is a range of spines, or rather of recurved, compressed, and pointed scales; beneath the throat a pendent, compressed dewlap, the edge of which is supported by a cartilaginous process of the hyoid bone; a series of porous tubercles on their thighs as in the true Lizards; the head covered with plates. Each jaw is surrounded with a row of compressed, triangular teeth, whose cutting edge is denticulate; two small rows of the same on the posterior edge of the palate. Ig. tuber culata, Laur.; Lac. Iguana, L.; Seb. I, xcv, 1, xcvii, 3, xcviii, 1. (The Common American Iguana. )(l) Yellowish green above, marbled with pure green; the tail annulated with brown; preserved in alcohol it appears blue, changing to green and vio- let, and dotted with black; paler beneath; a crest of large spini- . form dorsal scales; a large round plate under the tympanum at the angle of the jaws; sides of the neck furnished with pyramidi- cal scales scattered among the others; anterior edge of the dewlap denticulate like the back; from four to five feet in length: com- mon in South America where its flesh is esteemed delicious, al- though unwholesome, particularly for syphilitic patients. It lives mostly on trees, occasionally visits the water and feeds on fruit, grain, and leaves; the female lays her eggs in the sand, they are the size of those of a Pigeon, agreeable to the taste and almost without white. VIguane ardoise, Daud.; Seb. I, xcv, 2, xcvi, 4. (The Slate- coloured Iguana.) A uniform violet blue, paler beneath; the dorsal spines smaller; otherwise, similar to the preceding, both of them having an oblique whitish line on the shoulder. The latter is from the same country as the former, and is probably a mere variety of age or sex.(2) Ig. nudicollis, Cuv.; Mus. Besler. tab. XIII, f. 3; Ig. delicatis- sima^ Laur., resembles the common one, particularly in its dor- sal crest, but has no infra-tympanal plate, nor the scattered tu- (1) The Mexicans call it Aquaguetzpallia, Hernand. ; the Brazilians, Senembi, Marcgr. (2) I have every reason to think that this same conclusion should be extended to the Iguanas of Spix, pi. v, vi, vii, viii, and ix: they seem to me to be nothing more than various ages of the common species. Vol. II. E 34 REPTILIA. bercles on the sides of the neck. The top of the cranium is furnished with arched platesj the occiput is tuberculous; the dewlap is moderate, and has but few indentations, and those only before. Laurenti says its habitat is India, but he is mistakenj we have received it from the Brazils, and from Guadaloupe.(l) Ig. cornuta, Cuv.; Ig. comu cle St Domingue, Lacep.; Bonnat. Encyc. Method. Erpetolog. Lezards, pi. iv, f. 4. (The Horned Iguana.) Similar to the Common Iguana, and still more so to the preceding species, but is distinguished by a conical, osseous point between the eyes, and by two scales raised up over the nostrilsj the infra-tympanal plate is deficient as well as the tu- bercles on the neck, but the scales on the jaws are embossed. Ig. cychlura,C\xv. (The Carolina Iguana.) No infra-tympanal plate or small spines on the neck, but carinated scales, rather larger than the rest, form cinctures on the tail at separate intervals.(2) Ophryessa, Boie. Small imbricated scales; a slightly salient dorsal crest, extending on the tail, which is compressed; denticulated maxillary teeth, and teeth in the palate: circumstances which approximate them to Iguana; but they have no dewlap, nor femoral pores. Lac. superciliosa, L. ; Seb. I, cix, 4; Lophyrus xiphuruSj Spix, X, so called from a membranous carina which forms its eye- brow, is an American species, of a fawn colour, with a festoon- ed brown band along each flank. BasiliscuSj Daud. No pores; palatine teeth; the body covered with small scales; on the back and tail a continuous and elevated crest supported by the spinous apophyses of the vertebrse, like that on the tail of the Is- tiuri. The species known, Lacertabasiliscus, L., Seb. I, c. 1; Daud. Ill, xlii, is recognized by the hood-like membranous prominence of its occiput, that is supported by cartilage. It attains a large size, is bluish, with two white bands, one behind the eye, the (1) I suspect the .Smblyrhynchus cristatus, Bell. Zool. Journ. 1, Supp. p. xii, is a badly prepared specimen of my nudicollis. (2) It also appears to me that this Iguana is the same which Dr Harlan (Journ. Acad. Nat. So. of Phil. IV, pi. xv,) calls Cychlura carinata,- but in this case there must be some mistake, as in the Amblyrhynchus, relative to the palatine teeth. These teeth exist in all my Iguanas. SAURIA. 35 Other back of the jaws, which are lost on the shoulder.(l) It is from Guiana, and feeds on grain. POLYCHRUS, CuV. Teeth in the palate as in Iguana, and femoral pores, though the latter are not strongly marked^ but the body is covered with small scales, and is destitute of a crest. The head is covered with platesj tail long and slender; throat very extensible, so that a dewlap is formed at the will of the animal, which, like the Chameleon, possesses the faculty of changing colour; the lungs, consequently, are very vo- luminous, occupy nearly the whole trunk, and are divided into seve- ral branches; the false ribs, like those of the chameleon, surround the abdomen by uniting so as to form perfect circles. Lac. marmorata, L.; Marhr6 de la Giciane, Lacep. I, xxvi; Seb. II, Ixxvi, 4; Spix, XIV. Reddish-grey, marbled with irre- gular transverse bands of a brown-red, sometimes mixed with blue; the tail very long. Common in Guiana.(2) EcPHiMOTus, Fitzinger. Teeth and pores of a Polychrus, but small scales on the body only; on the tail, which is very thick, they are large, pointed, and carinate; the head is covered with plates. Their form is somewhat short, and flattened, more like that of certain Agamse than of a Polychrus. The most common species, Jlgama tuberculata, Spix, XV, 1, or Tropidurus torquattis, Pr. Max. (3) is ash-coloured, sprinkled with whitish drops, and has a black semi-collar on each side of the neck. It inhabits Brazil. Oplurus, Cuv.(4) Teeth of a Polychrus and the form of an Agama, but no pores on the thighs, and the pointed and carinated scales of the tail ally it to that of a Stellio; the dorsal scales also are pointed and carinate, but very small. One species only is known- (1) It is on the authority of Seba that this species has hitherto been considered as inhabiting' India it does not inhabit that country. (2) Add, Pol. acutirostres, Spix, XIV. (3) The Tropidurus of Pr. Max. deWied. is not, as he imagined, the Quetzpaleo of Seba, although it is also marked with black semi-collars. (4) The name of Quetzpaleo, given by Seba to the above species, seems to be a corruption of the Mexican Aqua quetz pallia, which appears to be a name of the Iguana; the Quetzpaleo of Lacep., Rept. 4to, II, 497", is a Uromastix; but the figure quoted is that of Seba's animal. 36 REPTILIA. Opl. torquatus, Cuv. (The Black-collared Grey Quetzpaleo.) A black half collar on each side of the neck. From Brazil. Anolius, Cuv.(l) In addition to all the peculiarities of form of the Iguana, and par- ticularly of the Polychrus, these animals have a very peculiar and distinctive character: the skin of their toes is spread out under the antepenultimate phalanx into an oval disk transversely striated be- neath, which assists them to attach themselves to various surfaces, to which, independently of this, they cling with great pertinacity by means of their nails, which are very much hooked. Their body and tail, moreover, are uniformly roughened with small scales, and most of them have a dewlap under the throat, which under the excitement of passion becomes inflated and changes colour. Several enjoy the faculty of changing the colour of their skin, to an equal degree with the Chameleon. Their ribs form entire circles like those of the Polychrus and Cameleon. Their teeth are trenchant and denticulate, as in Polychrus and Iguana, and they are even found in the pa- late. The skin of their tail is doubled into slight folds or depres- sions, each of which contains some circular rows of scales. This genus appears to be peculiar to America. The tail of some is ornamented with a crest supported by the spi- nous apophyses of the vertebrae, as in Istiurus and Basiliscus.(2) M7i. velifer, Nob. (The Great Crested Anolis.) A foot long; a crest on the tail occupying half its length, supported by from twelve to fifteen rays; the dewlap extends under the belly. Its colour is a blackish ash-blue. From Jamaica and the other Antilles. We have found berries in its stomach. Lac. bimaculata, Sparm. (The Little Crested Anolis.) Half the size of the preceding; the same crest; greenish, dotted with brown about the muzzle and on the flanks. From North Ame- rica and several of the Antilles. ^n. equestrisy Merr. Fawn-colour, shaded with an ashy lilac; (1) Anoli, Anoalli, the name of these Saurians in the Antilles; Gronovius, \ery gratuitously, has applied it to the Amdva. Fiochefort, from whose work it was taken, only gives a copy of tlie Teyuguagu ofMarcgrave, or the Great Sauvegarde of Guiana. Nicholson seems to assert that this name is applied to several species, and the one he describes appears to be the Jn. roquet, which, in fact, was sent to the Museum from Martinique under the name of Jlnolis. MM. de Tonnes has even ascertained that it is the only one by which it is now known. (2 They have been confounded with each other, and with some of the following ones, under the names of Lac. principalis and himaculata. SAURIA. 37 a white band on the shoulder; tail so fleshy that the apophyses of its crest cannot be perceived; a foot long. Others again have a round tail, or one that is merely a little com- pressed. Their species are numerous, and have been partly confounded under the names of Roquet, Goitreux, Rouge-gorge, and Mnolis, ^-Lac. strumosa and bullaris, L. They inhabit the hot parts of America and the Antilles, and change colour with astonishing facility, particularly in hot weather. When angry, their dewlap becomes inflated and as red as a cherry. These animals are not so large as the Grey Lizard of Europe, and feed on insects which they actively pursue; it is said that whenever two of them meet, a furious combat inevitably ensues. The species of the Antilles, or the Roquet of Lacep. I, pi. xxvii, which is more particularly the Lac. bullaris, Gm., has a short muzzle speckled with brown, and salient eye-lids; its usual colour is greenish. Its round tail excepted, it closely re- sembles the Lac. bimaculata. The Mnolis raye, Daud. IV, xlviii, 1, only differs from it in a series of black lines on the flank. It seems to be identical with the Lac. strumosa, L. Seb. II, XX, 4, and is somewhat longer than the preceding species. The Carolina knolls, Jguane goitreux, Brongn. Catesb. I, Ixvi, is of a fine golden green; a black band on the temple and a long and flattened muzzle give it a peculiar physiognomy and render it a very distinct species.(l) It is to this family of the IguansB with palatine teeth, that be- longs an enormous fossil reptile known by the name of the Maestricht Animal, and for which the new name of Mosasau- Rus has recently been coined. (2) (1) Add the Molls d points blancs, Daud- IV, xlviii, 2; An. viridis, Pr. Max. lib. VI; An. gracilis. Id. and several other species, of which, unfortunately, I have no figures to cite. (2) See Oss. foss. Vol. V, part. II. Many large reptiles have been discovered in a fossil state, which it appears should be approximated to this family, but their characters are not sufficiently known to enable us to class them with precision. Such are the Geosaurds discOT vered by Sremmering, the Mebalosaurus of M. Buckland, the Iguaxodon of M. Mantell, &c. See Oss. Foss. ut sup. 38 REPTILIA. FAMILY IV. GECKOTIDA. This family is composed of nocturnal lizards which are so similar that they may be left in one genus. Gecko, Daud. Askalarotes, Cuv. Stellio, Schn.(l) The Geckos are Saurians which do not possess the elongated graceful form of those of which we have hitherto spoken, but on the contrary are flattened, the head particularly. Their feet are mode- rate, and the toes almost equal; their gait is a heavy kind of crawl- ingj very large eyes, whose pupil becomes narrowed at the ap- proach of light, like that of a cat, render them nocturnal animals, which secrete themselves during the day in dark places. Their very short eye-lids are completely withdrawn between the eye and the orbit, which gives them a different aspect from other Saurians. Their tongue is fleshy and non-extensiblej their tympanum some- what sunk; their jaws every where furnished with a range of very small closely-joined teethj their palate without teethj their skin is studded above with very small granular scales, among which are often found larger tubercles, and beneath, covered with scales some- what smaller, which are flat and imbricated. Some species have the femoral pores. There are circular plaits on the tail as on that of an Anolis, but when broken, it grows without these folds, and even (where there are any naturally) without tuberclesj circum- stances which have led to an undue multiplication of species. This genus is numerous and disseminated throughout the warm portions of both continents. The melancholy and heavy air of the Gecko superadded to a certain resemblance it bears to the Salaman- der and the Toad, have rendered it the object of hatred, and caused it to be considered as venomous, but of this there is no real proof. The toes of most of them are widened along the whole or part of their length, and furnished beneath with regular plaits of skin, which enable them to adhere so closely, that they are sometimes seen crawling along ceilings. Their nails are variously retractile, and preserve their point and edge, which, conjointly with their eyes, au- (1) Gecko, a name given to a species in India, in imitation of its cry, just as ano- ther one is termed Tockaie at Siam, and a third Geitj'e at the Cape; itsniv, to corrupt. (4) It forms the genus Ltgosoma of Gray; Fitzinger leaves it among his Mabuia, or Scinci without palatine teeth. (5) It is to this species that Fi(;zinger appropriates the generic name of Se^St^ hQ call^ it Seps Peronii. SAURIA. 49 rous also, and moves with rapidity without the aid of its feet; lives in meadows, and feeds on spiders, snails, 8cc.(l) The southern provinces of France produce a sixth very simi- lar to the preceding, but with eight or nine brown stripes placed at equal distances apart, Zygnis striata, Fitz. We might separate from the rest a species whose carinated and pointed scales are nearly verticillate5(2) Lac. anguina, L. Lac. monodactyla, Lacep., Ann. Mus. II, lix, 2, and Vosmaer, Monog. 1774, f. 1, under the name of Serpent-Lizard. Its feet are merely small undivided spurs. Inhabits the environs of the Cape of Good Hope. BiPES, Lacep. A small genus, only differing from Seps in the entire absence of fore feet, having the scapulae and clavicles concealed beneath the skin, the hind feet alone being visible. There is but a step from it to A^nguis. Some of them have a series of pores before the anus. (3) I dissected one of them brought from New-Holland by the late M. Peron, the Bipeds lepidopode, Lacep., An. du Mus. tom. IV, pi. Iv, which has carinated scales on the back, and a tail twice the length of the body.(4) Of its feet, nothing is exter- nally visible but two small oblong and scaly plates; but by dis- section we find a femur, a tibia, a fibula, and four metatarsal bones forming toes, but without phalanges. One of its lungs is half the size of the other. It lives in the mud. This series of pores is wanting in others. A small species, described a long time ago, is found at the Cape, Unguis ftipes, L.; Lacerta bipes, Gm.; Seb. I, Ixxxvi, 3, each of whose feet is terminated by two unequal toes. (5) (1) Merrem, on the contrary, had made his genus Seps from this single species. Fitzinger now calls it Ztgisis, in imitation of Oken, and adds to it the Tridadylus decresiensis of Per. which is much more nearly allied to the I'etradadylus of the same island. (2) It is the genus Monodacttlus, Merr., or Chamjbsaura, Fitz. (3) They form the genus Ptgopus, Merr. (4) The fig. of Lacep. is drawn from an individual the tail of which had been broken oflFand reproduced; we are very liable, generally speaking, to be mistaken in the proportionate length of the tail in all this class. (5) It is the genus Bipes, Merr. or Scelotes, Fitz. The Seps grmovien, or monodadyk of Daudin, of which Merrem has made his genus Ptgodactylus, was merely a badly preserved specimen of the same, so that this genus must be stricken out as Merrem anticipated. The Seps sexlineata, Harl. &c. Nat. So. Phil. IV, pi. xviii, f. 2, is a mere variety of it. Vol. II. G 50 REPTILIA. Brazil produces another, Pygopus cariococca, Spix, xxviii, 2, larger, with undivided feet like those of the lepidopode, Lacep., but more pointed, and with entirely smooth scales. It is green- ish, with four longitudinal blackish lines.(l) Chalcides, Daud. Elongated Lizards resembling Serpents; but the scales, instead of being arranged like tiles, are rectangular, forming transverse bands, which do not encroach on each other like those on the tails of ordinary lizards. Some of them have a furrow on each side of the trunk, and a still apparent tympanum. They are allied to Cordylus just as Seps is connected with Scincus, and lead in many points to Pseudopus and Ophisaurus. A five-toed species is known, Lac. seps, L. which inhabits the East Indies. Another with four toes, Lac. tetradactyla, Lacep. Ann. du Mus. II, lix, 2.(2) III others the tympanum is concealed, leading directly to Chi- rotes, and thence to the Amphisbsenae. There is one species with five toes,(3) A second in Brazil with four anterior and five posterior, the Heterodactylus imbricatus, Spix, xxvii, 1. A third with four to each foot. (4) A fifth, whose toes, to the number of five before and three behind, are reduced to such small tubercles, that it has at one time been considered as having three, and at another but one.(5) From Guiana. Chirotes, Cuv. Similar to Chalcides in their verticillate scales, and still more so to the Amphisbaenae in the obtuse form of their head; but distin- guished from the former by the absence of hind feet, and from the (1) The Pyg. striatus, Spix, XXVIII, 1, appears to me to be the young of the same species. (2) It is the g-enus Tetradacttlus of Men*, or Saurophis of Fitzinger. (3) This species forms the genus Chai-cides of Fitzinger. (4) The genus Brachxpus, Fitz. (5) In the first case it is the Chalcide, Lacep. pi. sxxii, the Chamxsaura cophias, Schn., the genus Cuaecis, Merr. and the genus Cophias, Fitz.; in the second it is the Chakide monodadyle, Daud. or the genus Colobus, Merr.; but all these genera are reducible to one single species. SAURIA. 51 latter by the presence of the anterior feet. One species only is known. Chamsesaura projms, Schn.; Lac. lumbrico'ides, Shaw; Bipede cannele, Lacep. I, xli. Two short feet, four toes to each, with a vestige of a fifth, their internal organization tolerably perfect, connected by scapulae, clavicles and a small sternum; but the head, vertebrae, and in fact the whole remainder of the skeleton resembling that of the Amphisbaenae. It is from eight to ten inches long, and about the thickness of the little finger; flesh coloured; the back invested by about two hundred and twenty half rings; there are as many on the belly, which meet alternately on the side. It is found in Mexi- co, where it feeds on insects. Its slightly extensible tongue ter- minates in two small horny points; eye very small; tympanum covered by the skin, and invisible externally; two series of pores before the anus. I found but one large lung, and a vestige of a smaller one, as in most Serpents.(l) (1) The genera which terminate this order of Saurians interpose themselves in so many various ways between the ordinary Saurians and the genera placed at the head of the Ophidians, that several naturalists now think it improper to sepa- rate the two orders; or they establish one, comprizing, on the one hand, the Sau- rians minus the Crocodiles, and the Ophidians of the Anguis family on the other. But among the fossils of the ancient calcareous formations, we find two much more extraordinary genera, which, to the head and trunk of a Saurian, add feet attached to short limbs, and formed of a multitude of little articulations collected into a species of oar or fin, similar to the fins or fore feet of the Cetacea. One of these genera, Icthyosaurus, had a thick head attached to a short neck, enormous eyes, moderate tail, an elongated muzzle armed with conical teeth fastened in a groove. Different species, some of them very large, have been dis- inten-ed in England, France and Germany. The other, Pi.esiosaurus, had a small head attached to a long serpentlike neck, composed of a greater number of cervical vertebrae than is found in any other animal known; its tail was short; some of its remains have also been found on the continent. These two genera, for the possession of which we are chiefly indebted to the exertions of M. Home, Conybeare, Buckland, &c. inhabited the sea. They form a very distinct family, but what is known of their osteology approximates them much more closely to the common Saurians than to the Crocodiles, with which Fitzinger has associated them in his family of theLoRicATA; and so much the more gratuitously, as neither their scales nor their tongue, the two characteristic parts of the Loricata, are known. 52 REPTILIA. ORDER III. OPHIDIA.(l) Serpents are reptiles without feet, and consequently those which best merit that appellation. Their extremely elongated body moves by means of the folds it forms when in contact with the ground. They are divided into three families. FAMILY I. ANGUINA.(2) The Angues still have an osseous head, teeth, and tongue, similar to those of a Seps; their eye is furnished with three lids, &c., and, in fact, if we may so express it, they are Sepes without feet ; they are all comprised in the genus Anguis, Lin. Characterized externally by imbricated scales, with which they are completely enveloped. They have been separated into four subge- nera; in the three first we still find beneath the skin the bones of the shoulder and pelvis. PsEUDOPUs, Merr. The tympanum visible externally, and on each side of the anus a small prominence(3) which contains a little bone analogous to the femur, connected with a true pelvis concealed under the skin. The anterior extremity hardly shows itself externally, its only mark be- ing a fold not easily detected; it has no internal humerus. One of its lungs is a fourth less than the other. The scales are square, thick, and semi-imbricate, some of which, between those on the back and those on the belly, being smaller, occasion a longitudinal furrow on each side. (1) 0<|>